France imports 3500 tonnes of pomegranates each year mainly from Peru, South Africa and Turkey. They are on a wave of popularity at the moment being rich in anthocyanins. The juice from the crushed seeds is popular in smoothies and as a fruit cordial, and seeds are used to make grenadine and as a garnish in salads and desserts. Is this the reason that I’ve noticed new commercial plantings of pomegranate tree orchards close to Avignon and around Bagnols in the Gard? There are probably less than 100 hectares of ‘grenadières‘ in France.

La France importe 3500 tonnes de grenades chaque année, principalement du Pérou, d’Afrique du Sud et de Turquie. Ces fruits, riches en anthocyanes, sont très appréciés pour leurs bienfaits sur la santé. Le jus obtenu à partir des graines écrasées est utilisé dans la fabrication de smoothies et d’élixirs, et les graines servent à fabriquer la grenadine ou entrent dans la composition de salades et desserts. Est-ce la raison pour laquelle j’ai remarqué de nouvelles installations de vergers de grenadiers près d’Avignon et autour de Bagnols dans le Gard ? Il y a probablement moins de 100 hectares de grenadières en France.

Punica granatum is native to Iran. It is a very successful plant, no doubt due the fact that it tolerates dry conditions, alkaline soils and below freezing temperatures. To-day it has colonised the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and parts of South East Asia. There are estimated to be well over a thousand cultivars worldwide.

Punica granatum est originaire d’Iran. C’est une plante très facile, dû au fait qu’elle tolère la sécheresse, les sols alcalins et des températures négatives. De nos jours elle a colonisé tout le Bassin Méditerranéen, le Moyen-Orient et une partie de l’Asie du Sud-Est. On estime qu’il existe plus d’un millier de cultivars dans le monde entier.

Grenadiers offer enormous possibilities in the garden and to my mind are very under-utilised. Olivier Filippi lists nine varieties in his catalogue including P. granatum ‘Provence’ the ‘local’ pomegranate, P. granatum ‘Mollar de Elche’ and P. granatum ‘Fina Tendral’. There are single and double flowered varieties with orange, yellow, cream and ‘panaché’ flowers.

Les grenadiers offrent beaucoup de possibilités dans le jardin et sont, à mon avis, trop peu utilisés. Olivier Filippi propose neuf variétés dans son catalogue y compris P. granatum ‘Provence’, le grenadier local, P. granatum ‘Mollar de Elche’ et P. granatum ‘Fina Tendral’. Il y a des variétés à fleurs simples et doubles, de couleur orangée, jaune, crème et panachées.

Plants can grow into very large shrubs, some 3-4 metres tall, covered in flowers. Their spiky branches make them an ideal plant for hedging especially when clipped annually. Spring leaves have a bronze tint and in the autumn they turn a bright yellow. Some plants have attractive peeling bark. Old gnarled trees from Spain, some up to 200 years old, can be found on the market and make magnificent specimens in the garden. Florists may use cut branches for decoration.

Ces plantes peuvent devenir de très gros arbustes, certains hauts de 3-4 m, couverts de fleurs. Leurs branches épineuses permettent de les utiliser dans une haie surtout si on les taille tous les ans. Les nouvelles pousses printanières prennent une teinte bronze et deviennent jaune vif à l’automne. Certains arbustes présentent une écorce qui pèle. On peut rencontrer sur le marché de vieux arbres noueux venant d’Espagne, certains âgés de plus de 200 ans, à installer en sujet isolé dans le jardin. Les fleuristes peuvent utiliser les branches coupées pour les bouquets.

A slow-growing dwarf pomegranate, P. granatum var.nana has simple bright orange flowers and offers possibilities for hedging or could be clipped as a bonsai plant. Fruits are another feature. They are large, leathery and red, orange or yellow in colour. The fruits contain ‘pippy’ seeds which are surrounded by a fleshy pulp which can be sweet or sour. Botanically they are known as ‘berries’ i.e. any fruit that has its seeds enclosed in a fleshy pulp, for example grapes, tomatoes or juniper berries. The fruits remain on the bush after leaves have fallen.

P. granatum var. nana, le grenadier nain, pousse lentement et possède des fleurs simples orange vif. Il peut être utilisé en haie ou taillé à la manière d’un bonsaï. Autre point intéressant: ses fruits. Ils sont gros, à peau coriace et de couleur rouge, orange ou jaune. Ils contiennent énormément de graines entourées d’une pulpe charnue qui peut être sucrée ou acidulée. Au point de vue botanique, la grenade est une baie; c’est-à-dire un fruit dont les graines sont enfermées dans une pulpe charnue, comme le raisin, la tomate ou la baie de genièvre. Les fruits restent sur l’arbuste après que les feuilles soient tombées.

To my mind pomegranates/grenadiers offer many advantages for the garden; the only disadvantage I can see is that they sucker profusely. These suckers need to trimmed back each year to feature and emphasise the trunk.

A mon avis, les grenadiers offrent de nombreuses possibilités au jardin ; le seul désagrément réside dans le fait qu’ils drageonnent beaucoup. Ces rejets doivent être coupés à ras tous les ans afin de mettre en valeur le tronc.

Lexicon:
pomegranate fruit
pomegranate juice
pomegranate tree
pomegranate orchard

une grenade
le jus de grenade
un grenadier
une grenadière

Text: David Bracey
Photos: David Bracey and Christine Daniels
Traduction en français: Chantal Guiraud

Editor’s note:

In October 2021 members visited Pépinière Quissac in Souvignargues for a pomegranate tasting. Miriam Quissac and her friend Faisal explained about where to plant pomegranate trees and how to cultivate them, and you can read an account of the talk in ‘Past Activities’. Details of the Pépinière Quissac pomegranate collection are available on their website.

Pépinière Baud, based near Vaison-la-Romaine, is another specialist in pomegranate trees. M. Baud has eleven varieties on his list and provides notes on cultivation. Two varieties with soft, edible seeds are P. granatum ‘Mollar de Elche’ and P. granatum ‘Seedless’.

Note de la redaction :

En octobre 2021, les adhérents ont visité la Pépinière Quissac à Souvignargues pour une dégustation de grenades. Miriam Quissac et son ami Fayçal ont expliqué où planter des grenadiers et comment les cultiver, et vous pouvez lire un compte rendu de la conférence dans « Evènements passées ». Les informations de la collection de grenadiers de la Pépinière Quissac sont disponibles sur leur site.

La pépinière Baud, basée près de Vaison-la-Romaine, est aussi un spécialiste dans les grenadiers. Mr. Baud possède onze variétés sur sa liste et fournit des explications sur la culture de ces arbustes. P. granatum ‘Mollar de Elche’ et P. granatum ‘Seedless’ sont deux variétés à graines souples et comestibles.

The sweet almond, Prunus dulcis, is a tree sadly neglected in Mediterranean gardens. The fragrant, pale pink to white flowers are the earliest flowers in the garden and are magic when seen under a clear blue Midi sky in February. My memories of almond trees in blossom set against the brown ploughed fields and vineyards of the Gard will stay with me for ever. Trees should provide many points of interest throughout the year – almonds do provide some shade but they could hardly be called shade trees and there are edible nuts in the autumn.

L’amande douce, Prunus dulcis, est un arbre malheureusement négligé dans les jardins méditerranéens. Les fleurs odorantes, rose pâle à blanc sont les premières fleurs dans le jardin et sont magiques quand on les voit sous le ciel bleu clair du Midi en février. Mes souvenirs d’amandiers en fleurs contrastant avec les champs labourés et les vignobles du Gard resteront pour toujours. Ces arbres devraient fournir de nombreux points d’intérêt tout au long de l’année; les amandiers fournissent de l’ombre, mais ne sont guère protecteurs et il y a des noix comestibles à l’automne.

Almond trees have been cultivated in for at least 3000 years. It is found throughout the Mediterranean Basin and as far east as India. Pastes made from ground almonds, pistachios, walnuts or hazelnuts are found in just about every Mediterranean country and are used to make confectionary, biscuits, cakes, soups, pastries, deserts, tarts and of course nougat, or turron.

L’amandier est cultivé depuis au moins 3000 ans. On le trouve dans tout le bassin méditerranéen et aussi loin que l’Inde. Les pâtes à base d’amandes broyées, de pistaches, de noix ou de noisettes se retrouvent dans presque tous les pays méditerranéens et servent à confectionner des confiseries, des biscuits, des gâteaux, des soupes, des pâtisseries, des desserts, des tartelettes et bien sûr du nougat ou du touron.

Ground almond paste is the basis for marzipan (massepain in French), macaroons and nougat. To-day Montélimar in the Drôme is the centre of nougat production and sales in France – every other shop sells it, at least that’s what it seems. It was Olivier de Serres who first planted almonds close to Montélimar in the 17th century. There are commercial almond orchards south of Montélimar and some close to Alès in the Gard, but not many!

La pâte d’amande moulue est la base du massepain, macarons et nougat. Aujourd’hui Montélimar (Drôme) est le centre de production (et de vente) de nougat en France où tous les magasins le vendent, du moins c’est ce que l’on croit. C’est Olivier de Serres qui planta les premières amandes près de Montélimar au XVIIe siècle. Il y a des vergers d’amandiers commerciaux au sud de Montélimar et certains près d’Alès dans le Gard, mais pas beaucoup!

The real centre for almond production is the Valsenole plateau in the Alpes-de-Haut-Provence where there are over 100 productive hectares. Growers are supported by the cosmetics company, L’Occitane-en-Provence, which purchases much of the crop to produce almond oil used in skin creams. The almonds here are said to be very ‘recherché’ for calissons and nougat. Local nougat made with locally produced lavender oil is said to be unforgettable

Le véritable centre de production d’amandes est le plateau de Valsenole dans les Alpes-de-Haut-Provence où plus de 100 hectares sont cultivés. Les producteurs sont soutenus par la société de cosmétiques, L’Occitane en Provence, qui achète une grande partie de la récolte pour produire de l’huile d’amande utilisée dans les crèmes pour la peau. On dit que ces amandes sont très recherchées pour les calissons et le nougat. Le nougat local fait avec de l’huile de lavande produite localement a la réputation d’être inoubliable!

Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat in the Haute Vienne is perhaps the centre for massepain in France. The small golden biscuits made of peeled almonds, egg whites, sugar and flour were supplied, no doubt for a small sum, to pilgrims walking from Bourges to Bordeaux and on to Compostela.

Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat dans la Haute Vienne (87) est peut-être le centre du massepain en France. Les petits biscuits dorés faits d’amandes pelées, de blancs d’œufs, de sucre et de farine étaient fournis, sans doute pour une somme modique, à des pèlerins qui marchaient de Bourges à Bordeaux et à Compostelle.

Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat dans la Haute Vienne (87) est peut-être le centre du massepain en France. Les petits biscuits dorés faits d’amandes pelées, de blancs d’œufs, de sucre et de farine étaient fournis, sans doute pour une somme modique, à des pèlerins qui marchaient de Bourges à Bordeaux et à Compostelle.

Mais retour au jardin : le RHS décrit 38 variétés «supérieures» de Prunus dulcis avec malheureusement peu de photographies et encore moins de descriptions. L’une est P. dulcis ‘Maculocarpa’, un arbre à feuilles caduques avec des fleurs roses ou blanches très pâles produites sur des pousses nues au début du printemps.

Almonds require bees for good pollination; this can be encouraged by planting forage crops, by introducing bee hives or by planting different almond varieties. There are a few self-fertile almonds, one is the ‘Tuono’ variety which has been crossed with ‘Nonpareil’ varieties to produce hybrids which are self-fertile. The Californian almond crop is truly enormous and worth over $20 billion. This production is the motor for further breeding work and varieties with new distinct characters including self-fertility, superior nuts and specific harvest dates have been bred and patented.

Les amandes nécessitent des abeilles pour une bonne pollinisation; cela peut être encouragé en plantant des cultures fourragères, en introduisant des ruches d’abeilles ou en plantant différentes variétés d’amandes. Il y a quelques amandes autofertiles comme ‘Tuono’ qui ont été croisées avec des variétés ‘Nonpareil’ pour produire des variétés hybrides autofertiles. La récolte californienne d’amandes vaut vraiment plus de 20 milliards de dollars. C’est le moteur de nouveaux travaux de sélection et de variétés avec de nouveaux caractères distincts dont l’autofécondité, des noix de qualité supérieure et des dates de récolte spécifiques.

Bulbous plants have had an important role in horticulture since the early centuries. Interest in them grew further when selected species were introduced into cultivation and began to be bred. Some plants became fashionable and highly desired: the tulip mania of the 17th century is the prime example of this, but hyacinths, bearded irises, Narcissus, Lilium and Gladiolus have all also had their moments of being the height of fashion. And fashions in bulbs continue today, with daffodils and tulips giving place to Galanthus (the snowdrop) and Crocus. We collectors can now be divided into galanthophiles and croconuts (I myself belong to the second category).

Bulbs have always been admired for their beauty and scent and in the past were quite easy to obtain, even for ordinary villagers, as they could be collected in many parts of the Mediterranean, North Africa and Central Asia.

The advantage of their period of dormancy was that it made transport easier – a good example is Iris albicans which is native to Saudi Arabia and was introduced to the Mediterranean, Southern Europe and Asia by Muslim pilgrims coming back from Mecca. This iris became particularly popular in Muslim graveyards for its white colour symbolising purity, for the importance of its place of origin and for the fact that no care is needed after the plant has become established. Similarly, Sternbergia lutea was introduced by Greek monks who carried the bulbs from their homeland and planted them in many of the monasteries spread around the Eastern Mediterranean. I cannot stress strongly enough, however, that today bulbs should never be dug up from the wild – indeed, in most countries it is against the law to do so.

Many species need little attention and after being planted in the ground they will thrive and with time form large clumps. Bulbous plants are a good solution for places with difficult conditions, for isolated houses where water is either not available or too precious to be used for irrigation, or for geographic areas characterised by very hot and dry conditions or extremely cold winters. In recent years I have been travelling to Central Asia and was surprised to see how popular these plants are. Early displays of tulips, daffodils, Muscari and Paeonia can be seen outside almost every village house. Some have probably been there for ages, flowering punctually every year after the snow has melted to colour the dull grey surroundings and announce that spring has arrived.

The swapping of bulbs started in early times and continues today. Gardeners are usually generous people who will gladly spare a bulb or two. In this way highly perfumed species such as Polianthes tuberosa (the tuberose), Lilium candidum and freesias are grown in pots or large metal tins at the entrances of houses and on balconies in many villages but are also popular in town gardens and urban balconies.

I particularly remember as a child seeing a small garden in Jerusalem where every spring hundreds of blue Ipheion uniflorum and yellow freesias appeared on both sides of the main path while all around the garden large clumps of the double form Narcissus tazetta ‘Constantinopolitanus’ appeared together with Cyclamen persicum and Sparaxis tricolor. Today bulbous plants are an important feature in the gardens I design, where I use them for various purposes: they are a great addition to an existing garden and often offer a lovely surprise when they flower.

I have made a list of bulbous plants which I recommend for use in our Mediterranean gardens. The criteria for my choice of species is that first of all they need no irrigation, they have a long flowering period, are resistant to diseases, moles etc, they provide a focal point at different seasons and, lastly, they are relatively easy to obtain online from specialist growers, from your local garden centre or nurseries, and of course by swapping with friends and neighbours.

This iris is native to the Mediterranean where it has two subspecies: subsp. cretensis from Crete and subsp. carica growing in the eastern Aegean islands and south-west Turkey. These two subspecies are difficult to grow but there is a form, probably originating in Algeria which has been in cultivation for a very long time. It is occasionally sold under the name Iris stylosa (which is a synonym of I. unguicularis) or Iris algeriensis. This form is characterised by much wider leaves and larger flowers.

It is a tough plant which will grow in difficult conditions.

It can be planted under trees (even pine trees) in shade or in full sun. Its flowering season lasts throughout most of the winter months, often when nothing else is in bloom. New flowers open daily, held on short stems in the centre of the clump. The leaves tend to grow rapidly and I therefore recommend cutting the whole clump to about 10 cm high every three or four years in order to reveal the flowers again. This is also the time for dividing the clump if one wants to plant this iris in other sites. After the first two seasons it will not need any irrigation. It is a long-lived species. There are a few named cultivars, including white forms, but I find these to be weaker plants.

This is another excellent iris species native to southern Europe and North Africa but which has naturalised in many areas. The awful smell denoted by its specific epithet is released only when the tubers and roots are crushed. As well as being a highly decorative plant, this species has the advantage that it can grow in densely shaded parts of the garden where generally very few species could survive.

The flowers are not the best feature of this plant as they are not showy but the dark green sword-like leaves are handsome while the seedpods opening in autumn to reveal the seeds – like shining red pearls – last for quite a few weeks and can be used in flower arrangements. Blackbirds are attracted to the seeds and will spread them. This iris is easily grown from seed and, like Iris unguicularis, is long-lived.

Native to the south-west Cape of Africa, this species is increasingly gaining popularity, particularly in the USA. The tall, showy flowers appear in September, symbolising the end of summer. Their usual colour is soft to deep pink but some white and very dark-coloured cultivars are available as well.

Bulbs are easy to obtain but one needs to be patient as they will often not set flowers in the first year. The bulbs should be planted with their necks at ground level. They require locations with full sun or slight shade where the plant will not receive summer irrigation by sprinklers etc. The bulbs of this species do not like to be disturbed. Left to themselves they will form nice clumps after several years. Individual plants will not produce flowering stems each year; thus having several plants will ensure that one has flowers every autumn.

This is another excellent and showy flowering species suitable for growing in pots or in the garden. It starts to flower during summer and into the autumn, the flowers usually appearing in waves at intervals of days and often weeks.

It increases very well, either by new bulbs born next to the mother bulb or by seed. The plant is easily grown from seed and self-sown seedlings will often appear in neighbouring pots. As with Amaryllis belladonna, the bulbs should be planted with their necks at ground level. Species with similar growing habits are Zephyranthes rosea and the much smaller crocus-like Zephyranthes candida. All these species can also be watered in summer.

This is a small species with blue star-shaped flowers. It is a super-increaser and will fill a large pot after three to four seasons. It is an excellent plant for dry areas near a path or a rockery where it does not receive any irrigation during the hot season. It flowers in spring for a few weeks and is a very cheerful plant. There are named cultivars such as ‘Wisley Blue’, ‘Charlotte Bishop’ (large pink flowers), ‘Froyle Mill’ (purple flowers), ‘Alberto Castillo’ (white flowers) and others.

A spring-flowering species native to the eastern Mediterranean. Its blue flowering spikes can grow to a metre tall and will last for a couple of weeks. It is also a good increaser which will grow in difficult conditions in any kind of soil. It will bloom in shady areas as well. It is easily grown from seed but it will take four to five years to set flowers.

These are three similar white-flowering species which have naturalised in various parts of the Mediterranean. They are known for their amazing perfume in spring. Freesia is one of the best bulbs for growing in pots.

Use a medium-sized pot which can be put on the terrace table or indoors to enjoy when the plants are in flower. At the end of the growing season just leave the pot aside in a dry area until the first rains arrive. Freesias will increase rapidly and occasionally seed themselves in other parts of the garden.

These are two of the easiest and toughest species in this genus. Originating in the eastern and southern Mediterranean, these cyclamens can be enjoyed for their flowers but equally for their beautifully patterned leaves. The two species can live for dozens of years and will seed themselves freely in the garden, often in unexpected places such as holes in a wall or paved area. This is thanks to ants, which collect the seeds and spread them around.

Both species have a long growing season. Cyclamen graecum flowers in autumn without its leaves and produces new leaves after the first rains, while C. persicum will first set leaves and will then bloom for many weeks from January to March. Each mature plant produces hundreds of seeds that will germinate and flower after four years.

Of the endless cultivars, hybrids and forms of Narcissus these two are centuries-old; their exact origin is unclear but the names indicate that they have been around since Roman and Ottoman times.

These are both probably natural double forms of Narcissus tazetta which have been grown around the Mediterranean for their beauty and their amazing scent. They are strong-growing plants, highly resistant to diseases.

I remember them being sold when I was a child by old Arab and Jewish ladies in the markets of Bethlehem and Jerusalem – where they are still sold today.

The bulbs should be planted 15-20 cm deep and should be lifted when they become too crowded so that the number of flower stems is much reduced. This happens after ten years or so. These narcissi are better planted in full sun so that the flower stems are shorter and less liable to break, particularly after rain when they are wet. When brought indoors, a few stems of flowers will perfume the whole house.

My daughter surprised me the other day when she asked if I had heard of lime caviar. She didn’t know more, except that it was the up and coming fruit in high-end restaurants (in Geneva). On Saturday, I had to visit our local co-op and low and behold, there on the trolley were three finger limes, one of which we bought for her as a birthday present!

Ma fille m’a surpris l’autre jour quand elle m’a demandé si j’avais entendu parler du citron caviar. Elle n’en savait pas plus, si ce n’est qu’il avait fait son apparition dans les grands restaurants (à Genève). Or samedi, faisant mes courses au supermarché, je suis tombée par hasard sur trois citrons caviar et je me suis empressé d’en acheter un comme cadeau pour son anniversaire !

Citrus australasica (syn. Microcitrus australasica), known as finger lime or lime caviar, is a small-leafed, thorny shrub with white flowers found growing wild along the Queensland /New South Wales border in Australia. The plant was first recorded in 1858 but its full potential, as an ornamental and commercial crop, was not recognised until the mid-1990s. Today the demand for this edible fruit is driven by the restaurant trade and far exceeds supply.

Citrus australasica (syn. Microcitrus australasica), connu sous le nom de citron caviar, pousse à l’état sauvage en Australie, à la limite du Queensland et de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud. Découvert en 1858, le potentiel ornemental et commercial de ce petit arbuste épineux, avec de petites feuilles et des fleurs blanches, fut reconnu seulement au milieu des années 1990. Aujourd’hui la demande, poussée par la restauration, dépasse de loin l’offre.

Fruits are 10 cm long with a cylindrical shape similar to a short fat ‘robusto’ cigar. They contain rows of small globular seeds, 6-7 mm in size (hence the name caviar) which are full of tangy juice, described as tasting midway between a lime and grapefruit, and which gives the fruit its exclusivity.

De même forme et longueur (environ 10cm) qu’un gros cigare « robusto », le Citrus australasica est rempli de petites graines rondes de 6-7 mm de diamètre, d’où le nom de caviar. Leur jus acidulé au gout de citron vert avec légères notes de pamplemousse en fait un met recherché.

Members who like to experiment could try growing finger limes as a terrace plant or even planted outdoors, especially as they tolerate light frosts. It would be sensible to treat finger limes as lemons, for example providing a free draining soil with a pH of 5-6.5 and a citrus NPK fertiliser. In the wild they grow to two to seven metres tall. In the garden, they require only light renewal pruning to maintain size and shape. It can take up to five months from flowering to fruiting. Plants are usually budded onto a citrus rootstock which results in a wide variation of coloured fruits.

Les membres qui aimeraient en faire l’expérience peuvent essayer de le cultiver sur une terrasse à l’abri ou même dehors car il supporte bien un léger gel. Il faudrait lui donner des conditions semblables à celles du citron : un sol bien drainant d’un pH de 5-6.5 et apport d’engrais NPK pour agrumes. Dans la nature, il atteint une taille deux à sept mètres. Dans le jardin, il est conseillé de l’élaguer légèrement, pour lui garder la forme et la taille souhaitée. La fructification survient environ cinq mois après la floraison. Comme la propagation se fait par greffe avec des bourgeons de matériel génétique différent, ses fruits viennent souvent, sur la même plante, en différentes couleurs.

When cut in half the fruit bursts open releasing small globular beads, sometimes referred to as pearls, which ‘pop’ in the mouth. There are many recipes on-line which have finger limes as one of the ingredients, including using them with fish, oysters or vegetables, and in fruit salads.

Lorsqu’on le coupe en deux, le fruit libère des petites billes globulaires, appelés parfois «perles», qui éclatent en bouche. C’est un ingrédient que l’on trouve dans nombre de recettes en ligne, accompagnant aussi bien les poissons, les huitres, les légumes que les salades de fruits.

I have found two suppliers in France. Le Monde des Agrumes Bachès, run by Bénédicte et Michel Bachès, in Eus, near Perpignan, has an excellent website with video-clips on watering, fertilisation, re-potting and pruning citrus. Finger limes are also listed by the on-line plant supplier Willemse France.

J’ai trouvé deux fournisseurs en France. Le Monde des Agrumes Bachès, dirigé par Bénédicte et Michel Bachès, à Eus, près de Perpignan, a un très bon site internet, avec des vidéos sur l’arrosage, la fertilisation, le rempotage et la taille. Les citrons caviar sont aussi dans le catalogue en ligne de Willemse France.

When searching for pictures to illustrate this article I also came across the excellent website of an Australian fruit tree specialist, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery, based in Kyogle, New South Wales. The site lists 14 varieties of Citrus australasica and they gave us permission to include the photographs below.

Lors de la recherche d’images pour illustrer cet article, je suis également tombé sur l’excellent site d’un spécialiste australien d’arbres fruitiers, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery, basé à Kyogle, dans la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud: https://www.daleysfruit.com.au/ . Ils offrent 14 variétés de Citrus australasica et nous ont permis d’utiliser les photos ci-dessous

This year saw a shortage of vegetables due to heavy rains in Spain, while temperatures four degrees above normal caused gluts of mâche, salads, cauliflowers and leeks in northern France. Is this global warming and is it about time we thought about our own food security? What can we grow in our back garden during winter? One vegetable that could be of interest is cima di rapa. It is easy to grow, very in popular in southern Italy and probably native to the eastern Mediterranean.

Nous avons manqué de légumes cette année, à cause de fortes pluies en Espagne, alors que les températures affichant 4 degrés de plus que la normale dans le nord de la France avaient pour effet une surabondance de mâche, salades, choux fleurs et poireaux. Est-ce le réchauffement global et le moment de réfléchir à notre propre sécurité alimentaire ? Que pouvons-nous cultiver en hiver dans notre potager ? Un légume pourrait être intéressant : le brocoli-rave. Il est facile à cultiver, très populaire dans le sud de l’Italie et probablement originaire de la Méditerranée orientale.

That is the easy part. The botanical description is a bit of a nightmare! To try to bring some botanical clarity, otherwise the editor will be cross, here are a few facts. According to ‘The Plant List’, which MGF uses as its guide to correct plant names, Brassica rapa has hundreds of synonyms and only three accepted varieties. Cross-checking these names on Google doesn’t help because taxonomy lags far behind the internet and only confuses the issue. Does it matter? Probably not but we all like to know what we are eating, I think.

Ceci est le côté facile de l’histoire. La description botanique, elle, est un cauchemar ! Pour un peu plus de clarté, sinon l’éditeur serait chagriné, voici quelques explications. Selon « The Plant List », site Internet que nous utilisons pour vérifier la nomenclature, Brassica rapa possède des centaines de synonymes dont seulement trois variétés sont acceptées. Le fait de croiser les vérifications sur Google n’aide en rien, car la taxonomie est loin derrière Internet et nous plonge dans la confusion. Est-ce important ? Apparemment pas, mais nous aimons bien savoir ce que nous mangeons, il me semble.

In summary, Brassica rapa includes turnip, a root vegetable, and several leafy vegetables, including bok choy, napa cabbage and cima di rapa.

En bref, Brassica rapa comprend le navet, un légume racine, et plusieurs légumes feuille, y compris le bok choy, le chou chinois et le brocoli-rave.

Cima di rapa comes in a bewildering number of cultivars. In southern Italy, seed houses offer 40, 60and 90-day types depending on the number of days from sowing to maturity (there are also 150 day varieties). Varieties are grown for their smooth or curly leaves, for height or small heads or there are varieties available from where you live, for example, cima di rapa di Montpellier!

Le brocoli-rave se décline en un nombre étonnant de cultivars. En Italie du sud, les semenciers proposent des variétés à 40, 60 et 90 jours, selon le nombre de jours prévus du semis à la maturité (il existe également des variétés à 150 jours). Elles sont cultivées pour leurs feuilles lisses ou frisées, pour leur hauteurs différentes ou leurs origines, par exemple le brocoli-rave de Montpellier !

Broccoli rabe, as cima di rapa is known in the United States, is easy to grow from seed. By making a series of sowings, using different maturity times, a succession of harvests can be made. For winter harvest, sow late in the autumn when rains are guaranteed. Seeds germinate quickly, within 3-4 days. Sow seeds directly into prepared soil, as thinly as possible. The drills should be about 25cm apart. Thin young plants to 12-15cm apart. Transplants will surely bolt.

‘Broccoli rabe’ comme il est connu aux Etats-Unis, est facile à faire pousser de semis. En faisant une série de semis successifs, on peut obtenir une récolte sur plusieurs semaines. Pour une récolte hivernale, semez en fin d’automne quand la pluie est au rendez-vous. Les graines germent rapidement, en 3-4 jours. Semez aussi fin que possible, directement en place dans un sol bien préparé, en rangs espacés de 25 cm. Eclaircir les jeunes plants à 12-15 cm d’écart. Le repiquage est voué à l’échec.

Cima di rapa has a strong tangy mustardy taste, mid-way between spinach and broccoli which I find unusual and a little too strong. But then, I was raised on Brussels sprouts. Cook in boiling water, drain, chop into small pieces and heat in olive oil with garlic or chilli, then sprinkle with Parmesan or pine nuts to taste. Cima di rapa also cooks equally well as a stir fry with white wine, or as an accompaniment to pasta. Just use it as another vegetable.

Le brocoli-rave a un fort goût de moutarde piquante, à mi-chemin entre l’épinard et le brocoli que je trouve bizarre et un peu trop fort à mon goût. Mais bon, j’ai été élevé aux choux de Bruxelles. Cuisez-les à l’eau bouillante, égouttez, coupez-les en morceaux et faites-les revenir à l’huile d’olive avec de l’ail ou du piment, puis parsemez de Parmesan ou de pignons pour relever. On peut aussi le faire sauter avec du vin blanc, ou pour accompagner des pâtes. Utilisez-le comme un légume ordinaire.